| 3D Medical Animation: Antibody Immune Response |
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This 3D medical animation shows how
antibodies stop harmful pathogens
from attaching themselves to healthy cells in
the blood stream. The
animation begins by showing normal red and
white blood cells flowing
through the blood stream. Next, a single
pathogen appears onscreen
slowly moving toward its destination on the
surface of a cell. The
tubular extensions on the pathogen are
surface proteins which attach to
corresponding surface proteins on a white
blood cell, or leukocyte. As
the animation continues, more pathogens
continue to attach to the white
blood cell, rendering it ineffective.
During the immune system response, Y-shaped
antibodies begin attacking
the pathogen, binding to its surface proteins
as the pathogen attempts
to anchor to the blood cell. The antibodies
completely block the
pathogen from attaching to the blood cell,
"tagging" the pathogen so
that one of the immune system's leaner cells,
a macrophage, appears
onscreen to engulf and digest the pathogen.
Nucleus Medical Art is a leading creator and
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Tags : Nucleus Medical Art 3D medical animation antibody antibodies immune |
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Affichage : 208859
Durée : 52 s |
| How the Body Works : The Immune Mechanism |
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How the Body Works The Immune Mechanism
The immune mechanism is designed to protect
the body against attack from invading
microorganisms and foreign, potentially
harmful molecules. There are four types of
immune mechanisms. The nature of the
invading antigen determines which type of
mechanism is brought into action. Certain
antigens promote an exaggerated response,
called a hypersensitive reaction, or an
allergy., which may be harmful to the body
tissues.
A type I reaction is an allergic response to
foreign substances, usually proteins,
entering the body. It is an immediate
reaction which occurs within minutes or hours
of the antigen entering the body. The
diagram follows the events that occur in a
type I response. The antigens enter the body
and stimulate B-lymphocytes to produce
antibodies. The antibodies then adhere to
mast cells in the vessel wall. They
neutralize the antigens and the mast cells
release a chemical which causes, for example,
the streaming eyes and the sneezing
symptomatic of hay fever.
A type II reaction is initiated by antigens
which are part of, or closely associated
with, a tissue cell. The diagram shows
antigens entering the bloodstream and
invoking the production of antibodies. The
antibodies destroy the antigens, but they may
also cause, for example, a cross reaction
with blood cells which can lead to cell
damage. An example of this type of reaction
is a mismatched blood transfusion, in which
antibodies are formed against the donor red
cells, which leads to their destruction.
A type III reaction is an immediate reaction
occurring within a few hours of a small
antigenic stimulation. The diagram shows
antigens entering blood already filled with
antibodies, formed during a previous exposure
to these antigens. The antibodies form a
complex with the antigen and a blood protein
called complement. The complex so formed may
damage tissue, such as the glomeruli of the
kidneys, by blocking up the capillaries.
The final type of reaction, the type IV
reaction, is a delayed immune response which
occurs more than twenty-four hours after the
initial contact with the antigen. The
antigens enter the bloodstream, where they
stimulate T-lymphocytes to produce antibodies
which remain attached to the cell wall. The
antibodies then destroy the antigens. Once
the T-lymphocytes have been sensitized by the
antigen, they can produce antibodies and
confer immunity. This is the basis of
immunization against tuberculosis.
Tags : The Immune Mechanism |
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Affichage : 45883
Durée : 165 s |
| HIV-Immune Cells |
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Doctors are considering using a new
technology for genetically modifying AIDS
patients' own cells to be resistant to HIV.
As this ScienCentral News video explains,
they're modeling the idea after rare
individuals who are naturally immune to the
AIDS virus.
Tags : hiv aids immune cells cure |
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Affichage : 18515
Durée : 108 s |
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