| Hoola Bandola Band - Keops pyramid |
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Hoola Bandola Band - Keops pyramid
More tags
Communism
Democratic socialism
Eco-socialism
Guild socialism
Libertarian socialism
Market socialism
Revolutionary socialism
Social democracy
Utopian socialism
Contents [hide]
1 Historical precedents
2 Origins of socialism
2.1 Saint-Simon
2.2 Robert Owen
2.3 Proudhon
2.4 Bakunin
3 Marxism and the socialist movement
4 The International Workingmen's Association
- the First International
5 Paris Commune
6 The Second International
6.1 Germany
6.2 Russia
6.3 USA
6.4 France
6.5 The First World War
7 British Socialism
8 The Revolutions of 1917-23
9 The inter-war era and World War II
9.1 Britain
9.2 USA
9.3 Germany
9.4 Sweden
10 Socialism after World War II
In 1848, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels
published the Communist Manifesto. Marx and
Engels drew from the socialist or communist
ideas born in the French Revolution of 1789,
the German philosophy of GWF Hegel, and
English political economy, particularly that
of Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Marx and
Engels developed a body of ideas which they
called scientific socialism, more commonly
called Marxism.
The Communist Manifesto says "The history of
all hitherto existing society is the history
of class struggles" [21] and famously
declared that the working class would be the
"grave digger" of the capitalist class.
Marx and Engels distinguished their
scientific socialism from what they termed
the utopian socialism of some other socialist
trends. For Marxists, socialism or, as Marx
termed it, the first phase of communist
society, can be viewed as a transitional
stage characterized by common or state
ownership of the means of production under
democratic workers' control and management,
which Engels argued was beginning to be
realised in the Paris Commune of 1871, before
it was overthrown.[22] They see this stage in
history as a transition between capitalism
and the "higher phase of communist society"
in which human beings no longer suffer from
alienation and "all the springs of
co-operative wealth flow more abundantly."
Here "society inscribe[s] on its banners:
From each according to his ability, to each
according to his needs!" [23] For Marx, a
communist society entails the absence of
differing social classes and thus the end of
class warfare. According to Marx and Engels,
once a socialist society had been ushered in,
the state would begin to "wither away", [24]
and humanity would be in control of its own
destiny for the first time. [25]
Marx and Engels argued that capitalism
"compels all nations, on pain of extinction,
to adopt the bourgeois mode of production"
[26] and raised the seminal call,
"Proletarians of all countries, unite".[27]
10.1 The bi-polar world
10.2 Social Democracy in power
11 Militancy, Socialism and the rise of
neo-liberalism
12 Socialism in the 21st Century
13 Socialism as an economic system
14 Socialism and social and political theory
15 Criticisms of socialism
16 Notes
17 References and further reading
18 See also
19 External links
Tags : Hoola bandola band progg folk music bob dylan dan berglund knutna nävar |
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Affichage : 26531
Durée : 393 s |
| Pirámides de Giza: Keops, Kefrén y Mikerinos. Esfinge |
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Pirámides de Giza: Keops, Kefrén y
Mikerinos. Esfinge y Barca Solar
Giza o Guiza (en árabe, الجيزة
Al-Ŷīza, pronunciado Al-Gīza en dialecto
egipcio) es una ciudad de Egipto en la orilla
occidental del rÃo Nilo, situada a unos 20
km al sudoeste del centro de El Cairo y que
hoy, de hecho, forma parte del área
metropolitana de la capital egipcia. Es la
capital de la gobernación del mismo nombre.
Es célebre en el mundo porque en sus
cercanÃas se encuentra la meseta de Guiza,
lugar donde hace unos 4.600 años se
erigieron las tres grandes pirámides de la
dinastÃa IV. Giza forma parte de la gran
necrópolis de Menfis, que se extendÃa a lo
largo de más de 40 kilómetros y era
conocida en el Imperio Antiguo de Egipto con
el nombre genérico de Her-necher (la
Necrópolis) o Imentet (Occidente).
Cada una de las tres grandes pirámides
tenÃa su propio nombre, que designaba
también a la necrópolis que la circundaba.
El horizonte de Keops, Kefrén es grande y
Micerino es divino. Durante el reinado de
Keops fue cuando la meseta de Giza alcanza
gran relevancia.
Existen varios tipos de sepulturas en Giza,
como mastabas e hipogeos, destinadas a
miembros de la familia reinante, altos
dignatarios o sacerdotes.
Las pirámides que custodiaron los restos de
los faraones formaban parte de amplios
complejos funerarios, con templos, otras
tumbas, y pirámides menores. Al Este de la
pirámide de Keops se construyeron las
denominadas pirámides de las reinas, de casi
50 metros de lado y 30 de altura, para servir
de tumbas a su madre Hetepheres y a sus
esposas Merytites y Henutsen. En el año 1992
se descubrió parte de otra pirámide situada
al sudeste de la Gran Pirámide, con base
cuadrada de 23 metros de lado y unos 12
metros de altura con tan sólo los restos de
las tres primeras hileras de piedra.
(2) Giza
Giza or Gizah (Arabic, الجيزة,
transliterated al-GÄ«zah; pronounced in the
Cairene dialect of Egyptian Arabic eg-GÄ«za;
also sometimes rendered in English as Gizeh,
Ghizeh, or Geezeh) is a town in Egypt on the
west bank of the Nile river, some 20 km
southwest of central Cairo and now part of
the greater Cairo metropolis. It is the
capital of the Al Jizah Governorate, and is
located near the northeast border of this
governorate in coordinates 29°59′00″N,
31°08′00″E. It is located right on the
banks of the Nile River. Its population is
4,779,000 (1998).
Giza is most famous as the location of the
Giza Plateau: the site of some of the most
impressive ancient monuments in the world,
including a complex of ancient Egyptian royal
mortuary and sacred structures, including the
Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and
a number of other large pyramids and temples.
The Great Pyramid of Giza was once advocated
(1884) as the location for the Prime
Meridian, a reference point used for
determining a base longitude.
History
Giza's most famous archaeological site, the
Giza Plateau, holds some of the most
astonishing monuments in Egyptian history.
Once thriving with the Nile that flowed right
into the Giza Plateau, the Pyramids of Giza
were built overlooking the ancient Egyptian
capital of Memphis, which was near modern day
Cairo.
The Giza Plateau is also home to many other
Ancient Egyptian monuments, including the
tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First dynasty as
well as that of Pharaoh Ninetjer of the
Second dynasty.
The city itself has seen some changes over
time. Changes in infrastructure during the
different occupations of Egypt by various
rulers, including the British in the 19th and
early 20th century, focused on the
construction of roads, streets, and buildings
in the area. It is commonly misunderstood
that the Giza area is a complete desert area;
however, Giza has become a thriving centre of
Egyptian culture and is quite heavily
populated, with many facilities and buildings
in the current area. Giza saw much attention
in particular to its vast amount of ancient
Egyptian monuments found on the Giza Plateau,
and has astonished thousands of visitors and
tourists over the years. Giza's
infrastructure saw much attention from both
the British government prior to the 1952 coup
d'etat, as well as the current Egyptian
government due to the city's importance in
tourism.
Parts of Giza include Alharam famous in the
past for its night clubs, Zamalek
predominantly populated by middle class
Egyptians and relatively recently
overpopulated Almohandeseen.
Texto: Wikipedia
Tags : Pirámides Giza Keops Kefrén Mikerinos Esfinge Egipto Egypt |
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Affichage : 34347
Durée : 477 s |
| Sepulcros egipcios, de la mastaba a la Pirámide de Keops |
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http://www.artehistoria.com/arte/videos/692.h
tm
Los egipcios estaban convencidos de que su
vida eterna dependÃa de la conservación del
cuerpo por lo que el sepulcro donde es
enterrado tendrá una gran importancia,
especialmente para los grandes personajes.
El tipo normal de sepulcro es la mastaba,
enorme banco en forma de pirámides
truncadas. Por bajo del nivel de tierra, en
el fondo de un pozo al que sólo se accede
por la parte superior y que se rellena de
arena tras el sepelio, se encuentra la
cámara funeraria donde se deposita el
sarcófago.
En la tercera dinastÃa se emplearán como
sepulcro pirámides escalonadas constituidas
por pirámides truncadas superpuestas como la
del faraón Zoser en Sakara. En la dinastÃa
siguiente se emplearán ya pirámides
perfectas, siendo las más importantes las de
Keops, Kefrén y Mikerinos.
La Gran Pirámide de Keops tiene casi 147
metros de altura y 230 metros por cada lado
de su base. Contemplamos una sección
transversal en la que se aprecian todos sus
elementos: la entrada se encuentra en el lado
norte, a 18 metros de altura; de ella parte
un corredor en rampa de más de 100 metros
que penetra en el subsuelo de roca hasta una
cámara inacabada que no será utilizada ya
que se decidió situar la cámara del
sarcófago en la masa de la pirámide. Para
ello se construyó un corredor ascendente que
se continúa en dirección horizontal hasta
la mal llamada Cámara de la Reina. Entre el
inicio de la Gran GalerÃa y el corredor
descendente se construye un pasadizo de
escape. También de la Gran galerÃa y de la
Cámara funeraria parten dos conductos de
ventilación que las comunican con el
exterior a 76 metros de altura.
Tags : artehistoria historia arte egipto piramide mastaba |
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Affichage : 9459
Durée : 186 s |
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